International Hospitality Operations Coursework

Olympic Game And The Fifa World Cup Management Essay Example

Olympic Game And The Fifa World Cup Management Essay South Africa is known as a quick creating state, and World Cup is potentially the greatest occasion ever in its area. In any case, the foundations in this Africans greatest financial framework were as yet hapless when they won the order in 2004. Consequently, its no vulnerability an incredible test for this state. Besides, with the awful notoriety of African endeavor disappointment condition ( Rwelamila, Talukhaba A ; Ngowi, 1999 ) and outcome district ( DellApa,2008 ) , numerous individuals has a profound doubt to countrys ability to complete this solid endeavor. While Canada presents an alternate scene, where 1976 Montreal Summer Olympic and 1988 Calgary Winter Olympic were arranged, with cutting edge frameworks in including areas, travel, imparting administrations. In addition, the specialists and approval had collected a lot of understanding preceding this game. The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) had incredible confirmation that Canada will demonstrate a brilliant competition to the universe. Key Stakeholders Pre-occasion preparing We will compose a custom paper test on Olympic Game And The Fifa World Cup Management explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Olympic Game And The Fifa World Cup Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Olympic Game And The Fifa World Cup Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Arranging, preparing and demonstrating are key to the achievement of the Games. During the preparative stage, The structure of base is a cardinal parametric amount for estimating the fundamentals. Measuring stick for estimating by and large endeavor open introduction These two endeavors were both over-spending plan Table 3: Planned spending plan as opposed to finishing up expenses of the 10 World Cup bowls ( Baloyi and Bekker, 2011 ) Fitting to the plain cluster, with the exception of from two losing informations, the other eight bowl were all over-financial plan, the assessed spending plan was R11.7 one million millions, yet the closing expense was 35 % past the spending plan. Baloyi and Bekker ( 2011 ) found that overspending is brought about by a figure of variables, the central grounds are increment in material expense and off base stuff estimations. It is other than of import to put the start of contributing for the game, the bowl undertaking was entirely supported by South African specialists. Similary, the district building cost of 2010 Winter Olympic was other than over-financial plan. The first assessed cost was $ 470 1000000s, however the coordinator hence changed the financial plan to $ 580 1000000s to ensure the area could run into IOC fulfillment ( ) . Be that as it may, the finishing up cost given by VANOC was $ 603.3 million. The Government of Canada and the Province of British Columbia each dedicated $ 290 million to setting advancement plan, alongside $ 23.3 million originated from esteem in-kind from benefactors, BC Housing and inclusion ( Brumwell, 2010 ) . Sing the compeletion of work, both South Africa and Vancouver effectively completed before their cutoff times. A whole of 10 dishes were chosen as game region for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, five of them were recently fabricated and other five holding experienced solid remodel. Building work was expected to get down in late 2006, and they should finish before December 2009. Be that as it may, it experienced a crisscross methodology, FIFA audit commission was regularly kicking about the moderate progression, and some were non prepared for the Confederation Cup in 2009 the warm-up occasion for the World Cup ( Baloyi and Bekker, 2011 ) . A few bits of gossip even asserted that the leader of FIFA, Joseph Blatter may search for exchange to have this competition. In any case, in the long run, every one of the 10 dishes were effectively finished on cut and passed investigation. During the order method for the 2010 Winter Olympics, the cutting edge, splendid bing highlighting areas has been one of Canadas extraordinary competitory bit of leeway. With its strong establishment, the VANOC chose to update four areas to require model and in the mean time manufactured six new destinations. VANOC began scene assembling each piece ahead of schedule as 2006, and it was grown actually great. By February 2009, one twelvemonth before the game, all areas were prepared and detached for arrangement and demonstrating occasion. Also, the ticket net incomes of these two occasions contrasted significantly. In April 2010, only two months before the opening shot, there were as yet 50,0000 unsold tickets, accessible to every one of the 64 games including South Africa s lucifers and the finishing up. The hapless promoting was go oning in both host state and abroad market, simply 42 % of dispensed tickets were being purchased outside South Africa, with 330,000 tickets remaining. The worry of costly airfare, travel, inn and wellbeing issue had deflected numerous heroes. As regards local buyers, the main occupation was valuing, as the majority of the flush white inhabitants incline toward watching rugger to football, while even the least expensive tickets ( 140 rand = 12.40 ) , were still out of range for the dark network. Another activity is the managing technique, The IOC picked the internet as a central gross incomes channel, by the by, only 11 % of South African populace were web endorsers ( ) . To ensure full b owl, the coordinator gave some free passes to enormous organizations rather than hapless individuals, however there was no advancement after the competition began, the FIFA functionaries were as yet frustrated with 1000s of void seats. In constrast, tickets for Vancouver Olympics sold great, study proposed that VANOC figured out how to sell more than 97 % of the numbering 1.54 1000000s tickets. Concerning abroad gross incomes, more than 75 % of every accessible ticket were sold. The dishes were full in Opening and Closing Ceremonies and in some well known athleticss, for example, ice hockey. The high attendence was because of two ground, principal, the VOC made a fan-to-fan commercial center on its official site for exchanging and giving the game ticket, which gave incredible flexiblity to advertiser and buyers. Second, some of legitimate mates gave more than 50,000 tickets, and these tickets were so conveyed to the down and out networks ( ) . Operational risk and sudden test Table 4: Hazard Table of South Africa World Cup Table 5: Hazard Table of Vancouver Olympic Games The nineteenth FIFA World Cup was the fifth clasp held in the South side of the equator. Players need to strive in cool clime again after 32 mature ages. As the turf are, as it were, impacted by the clime, the ominous conditions status apparently carried an enormous test to the coordinator. In this way, FIFA and LOC chose to introduce the man-made grass to some of bowls. Essentially it was a mix of stunning grass ( 3 % ) and nature grass ( 97 % ) , the incredible grass filaments were embedded beneath the surface and mix with the nature grass which can expand the field ( ) . Along these lines the intercrossed grass will hold a smooth surface with a tough root, it will non be influenced by upwind status or savage endeavor any more. As man-made grass was first utilized in World Cup, the people were loaded up with anticipation and vulnerability. Subsequent to playing a lucifer on this revolunary surface, the Algerian director Rabah Saadane felt the man-made pitch negatively affected his crews open introduction. By and by, the greater part of members referenced that it was a test however they delighted in playing on this field ( ) . Wellbeing has been a long-standing issue for South Africa, which is originated from racial strained quality, pieces multiplication, high joblessness rate and huge salary spread and so on. Any offenses occurred during the World Cup would destroy the host state. Awared of these dangers, both LOC and the specialists spent a lot of endeavor in engaging offense and guaranting the security of visitants. Prior to the beginning of competition, the South African specialists reported that their disbursal in security had reached $ 1 billion, and the SA constabularies administration added 41,000 constabularies official to cover with robbery, vandalism and terroism ( Sylvester and Harju, 2010 ) . The specialists other than contributed R45 million to a most optimized plan of attack condemnable justness framework to treat any World Cup-related offense. The suspects were captured by constabulary and taken to a delicated court where they would go up against more remote test ( Sylvester and Harju, 201 0 ) In add-on, Joint Operation Centers have been set up at every district area, and it comprised of constabulary, trefoil and fire fighter so as to get by with any conceivable emergency ( Pellegrino, Bam and Dutiro, 2010 ) . It worked out that these moves were extremely adequate. The revealed offense dropped 70 for each centum during the World Cup, the competition went off calmly with no investigations of savage offense ( Sylvester and Harju, 2010 ) . The South African specialists won global congrats for its security step. In actuality, this Vancouver Olympic was destined to be fruitless from initial twenty-four hours when Georgian Luger Nodar Kumaritashvili was killed during a planning count. Despite the fact that the paramedics showed up on the scene inside seconds after the mishap and the athelete was transported to a physical issue community in Whistler ( Bryant, 2010 ) . In any case, not many hours in this manner, the Georgian delegation affirmed the heartbreaking knowledge. Indeed, Luge is viewed as the most hazardous athleticss in the Olympics, and it took topographic point in one of the universes quickest way this clasp. Moreover, before the terrible catastrophe, there were a few little mishaps in the equivalent topographic point, and one Rumanian athlete slipped by into obviousness for a couple proceedingss ( Bryant, 2010 ) . In any case, unfortunately, these issues had non brought to coordinators joining in. VANOC did non adjust the race way and rise the defensive divider on the luge, which b rought about the deadly mishap. This disaster had thrown a dismalness over the game and it was m

What Is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work

What Is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work Theories Behavioral Psychology Print What Is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work? How Reinforcement and Punishment Modify Behavior By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 12, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 05, 2019 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Behavior Types Components Examples View All Back To Top Operant conditioning  (sometimes referred to as  instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.?? For example, when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but avoid the red button. But operant conditioning is not just something that takes place in experimental settings while training lab animals; it also plays a powerful role in everyday learning. Reinforcement and punishment take place almost every day in natural settings as well as in more structured settings such as the classroom or therapy sessions. Lets take a closer look at how operant conditioning was discovered, the impact it had on psychology, and how it is used to change old behaviors and teach new ones. Verywell / Joshua Seong The History of Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist  B.F. Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning.?? As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that it was not really necessary to look at internal thoughts and motivations in order to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Through the first part of the 20th-century, behaviorism had become a major force within psychology. The ideas of  John B. Watson  dominated this school of thought early on. Watson focused on the principles of  classical conditioning, once famously suggesting that he could take any person regardless of their background and train them to be anything he chose.?? Where the early behaviorists had focused their interests on associative learning, Skinner was more interested in how the  consequences  of peoples actions influenced their behavior. Skinner used the term  operant  to refer to any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences. In other words, Skinners theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. His theory was heavily influenced by the work of psychologist  Edward Thorndike, who had proposed what he called the  law of effect.?? According to this principle, actions that are followed by desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated while those followed by undesirable outcomes are less likely to be repeated. Operant conditioning relies on a fairly simple premise -  actions that are followed by reinforcement will be strengthened and more likely to occur again in the future.  If you tell a funny story in class and everybody laughs, you will probably be more likely to tell that story again in the future. If you raise your hand to ask a question and your teacher praises your polite behavior, you will be more likely to raise your hand the next time you have a question or comment. Because the behavior was followed by reinforcement, or a desirable outcome, the preceding actions are strengthened. Conversely, actions that result in punishment or undesirable consequences will be weakened and less likely to occur again in the future. If you tell the same story again in another class but nobody laughs this time, you will be less likely to repeat the story again in the future. If you shout out an answer in class and your teacher scolds you, then you might be less likely to interrupt the class again. Types of Behaviors Skinner distinguished between two different types of behaviors Respondent behaviors are those that occur automatically and reflexively, such as pulling your hand back from a hot stove or jerking your leg when the doctor taps on your knee. You dont have to learn these behaviors, they simply occur automatically and involuntarily.Operant behaviors, on the other hand, are those under our conscious control. Some may occur spontaneously and others purposely, but it is the consequences of these actions that then influence whether or not they occur again in the future. Our actions on the environment and the consequences of that action make up an important part of the  learning process. While classical conditioning could account for respondent behaviors, Skinner realized that it could not account for a great deal of learning. Instead, Skinner suggested that operant conditioning held far greater importance. Skinner invented different devices during his boyhood and he put these skills to work during his studies on operant conditioning. He created a device known as an operant conditioning chamber, most often referred to today as a  Skinner box. The chamber was essentially a box that could hold a small animal such as a rat or pigeon. The box also contained a bar or key that the animal could press in order to receive a reward. In order to track responses, Skinner also developed a device known as a cumulative recorder. The device recorded responses as an upward movement of a line so that response rates could be read by looking at the slope of the line. Components of Operant Conditioning There are several key concepts in operant conditioning. Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning Reinforcement  is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of reinforcers: Positive reinforcers  are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something, such as praise or a direct reward. For example, if you do a good job at work and your manager gives you a bonus.Negative reinforcers  involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant. For example, if your child starts to scream in the middle of the grocery store, but stops once you hand him a treat, you will be more likely to hand him a treat the next time he starts to scream. Your action led to the removal of the unpleasant condition (the child screaming), negatively reinforcing your behavior. In both of these cases of reinforcement, the behavior  increases. Reinforcement in Conditioning Behavior Punishment in Operant Conditioning Punishment  is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of punishment: Positive punishment, sometimes referred to as punishment by application, presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Spanking for misbehavior is an example of punishment by application.Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. Taking away a childs video game following misbehavior is an example of negative punishment. In both of these cases of punishment, the behavior  decreases. Punishment and its Influence on Behavior Reinforcement Schedules Reinforcement is not necessarily a straightforward process and there are a number of factors that can influence how quickly and how well new things are learned. Skinner found that when and how often behaviors were reinforced played a role in the speed and strength of acquisition. In other words, the timing and frequency of reinforcement influenced how new behaviors were learned and how old behaviors were modified. Skinner identified several different  schedules of reinforcement  that impact the operant conditioning process:?? Continuous reinforcement  involves delivering a reinforcement every time a response occurs. Learning tends to occur relatively quickly, yet the response rate is quite low. Extinction also occurs very quickly once reinforcement is halted.Fixed-ratio schedules are a type of partial reinforcement. Responses are reinforced only after a specific number of responses have occurred. This typically leads to a fairly steady response rate.Fixed-interval schedules are another form of partial reinforcement. Reinforcement occurs only after a certain interval of time has elapsed. Response rates remain fairly steady and start to increase as the reinforcement time draws near, but slow immediately after the reinforcement has been delivered.Variable-ratio schedules are also a type of partial reinforcement that involve reinforcing behavior after a varied number of responses. This leads to both a high response rate and slow extinction rates.Variable-interval schedules  are the final form of partial reinf orcement Skinner described. This schedule involves delivering reinforcement after a variable amount of time has elapsed. This also tends to lead to a fast response rate and slow extinction rate. Reinforcement Schedules and How They Work Examples of Operant Conditioning We can find examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Consider the case of children completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or employees finishing projects to receive praise or promotions. Some more examples of operant conditioning in action: If your child acts out during a shopping trip, you might give him a treat to get him to be quiet. Because you have positively reinforced the misbehavior, he will probably be more likely to act out again in the future in order to receive another treat.After performing in a community theater play, you receive applause from the audience. This acts as a positive reinforcer inspiring you to try out for more performance roles.You train your dog to fetch by offering him praise and a pat on the head whenever he performs the behavior correctly.A professor tells students that if they have perfect attendance all semester, then they do not have to take the final comprehensive exam. By removing an unpleasant stimulus (the final test) students are negatively reinforced to attend class regularly.If you fail to hand in a project on time, your boss becomes angry and berates your performance in front of your co-workers. This acts as a positive punisher making it less likely that you will finish projec ts late in the future.A teen girl does not clean up her room as she was asked, so her parents take away her phone for the rest of the day. This is an example of a negative punishment in which a positive stimulus is taken away. In some of these examples, the promise or possibility of rewards causes an increase in behavior, but operant conditioning can also be used to decrease a behavior. The removal of a desirable outcome or negative outcome application can be used to decrease or prevent undesirable behaviors. For example, a child may be told they will lose recess privileges if they talk out of turn in class. This potential for punishment may lead to a decrease in disruptive behaviors. A Word From Verywell While behaviorism may have lost much of the dominance it held during the early part of the 20th-century, operant conditioning remains an important and often utilized tool in the learning and behavior modification process. Sometimes natural consequences lead to changes in our behavior. In other instances, rewards and punishments may be consciously doled out in order to create a change. Operant conditioning is something you may immediately recognize in your own life, whether it is in your approach to teaching your children good behavior or in training the family dog to stop chewing on your favorite slippers. The important thing to remember is that with any type of learning, it can sometimes take time. Consider the type of reinforcement or punishment that may work best for your unique situation and assess which type of reinforcement schedule might lead to the best results.

Benefits Of Hiring A Worker With Disabilities - 963 Words

Option 1-Emerging Trends Would you hire an individual if your business would benefit in a multitude of ways including: a diverse workforce which adds new ideas and viewpoints, increaseing retention rates while reduceing hiring and training costs, and gaining access to new markets? Every year more and more employers reap these and other benefits as a result of hiring a worker with disabilities. These employers have realized the myths perpetuated by some parts of society which result in fears and uncertainty in regards to hiring those with disabilities are unfounded. To the contrary, businesses that hire disabled individuals find the business, the employees as well as the disabled individuals all reap the benefits. Utilizing Workers with Disabilities Diversity is one of the keys to business success. A major drugstore retailor understands this principle and has made it a practice to hire individuals from various backgrounds, including those with disabilities. To encourage the hiring of these individuals the organization has build multiple warehouses with the goal filling one-third of the resulting staffing needs with disabled workers. The organization understands that the intuitive understanding and insight of their managers may be jaded due to misconceptions about individuals with disabilities. Consequently, corporate leadership provides managers with information and training which encourages the employment of people with disabilities. The retailer has benefitedShow MoreRelatedThe advantages of hiring disabled worke Essay example1430 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Some 600 million people worldwide have disabilities, reports the International Labor Organization, and many still struggle with acq uiring and maintaining gainful employment. Individuals with disabilities are at disproportionate risk for unemployment and extremely prone to living in poverty, according to The International Labor Organization. The major contributing factors of this employment challenge can be attributed to the disadvantages a disabled person faces in the workplace, as well as theRead MoreEmerging Trends : Walgreens.999 Words   |  4 Pagesthis week’s readings involves workers with disabilities. The title of the case is Walgreens Leads the Way in Utilizing Workers with Disabilities (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 2012). This case gives the reader the ability to understand the need for Equal Employment Opportunity Laws. Also, the case gives one an opportunity to see how these laws actually help these cases. Even more, it supports the idea of how it is very important to give those individuals with disabilities an opportunity to seek workRead MoreAmerican With Disability Act Essay1127 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesEmployers Under the American with Disability Act Candyce D. 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The Red Scare And The Salem Witch Trials - 1226 Words

Who can you trust in a world filled with enemies and those who are ambitiously self-centered? That is a question many people faced in the seventeenth century; similarly another time period had the same thought: The Red Scare. The Red Scare and the Salem Witch Trials were both tragic events that turned everyone against each other based on weak testimonies. Many respected people lost their lives because of this abnormal widespread fear. To make it more alarming, once accused it was extremely difficult to get one’s name cleared because there was very little room for rebuttal. Many factors that caused such a violent outcome of the Salem Witch trials including the dissension among citizens, the repressed girls of Salem and the Puritan religious beliefs which is very similar to the factors that made Red Scare so disastrous. The hysteria that erupted in the seventeenth century was caused from the fear of not trusting neighbors. There was already passive aggression and revulsion among the citizens; religious beliefs are the main cause of this. Reputation was very important during this time period, yet it meant nothing against accusations of witchcraft or being possessed by Satan. For example, there was an argument that happened involving Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam, Rebecca Nurse, Giles Corey and John Proctor; this argument originally was about how to awaken Putnam and Parris’s daughter, yet it turned into an accusatory fight between the parties about who owned inherited land,Show MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Vs. Red Scare1274 Words   |  6 PagesOdunayo Aladeniyi Mrs. Van De Motter American Literature 7th 31 October 2017 The Salem Witch Trials vs. The Red Scare â€Å"All wish to possess knowledge, but few, comparatively speaking, are willing to pay the price(Juvenal)†. This quote represents the knowledge that a single human being may have, but may not wish to use in situations. 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Consequently, after the hearing, McCarthyism became a vociferous campaign carried out by Senator Joseph McCarthy, which accused people of communism. To declare, Miller uses an analogy using the events of the Salem Witch Trials of 1693 to expose the ugly truth behind communismRead MoreMccarthyism And The Salem Witch Trials1360 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout history. I intend to explain how McCarthyism is comparable to what happened in the Salem Witch Trials, how it was used in The Red Scare, and the effects of it on the people accused. McCarthyism is very similar to what happened during the Salem Witch Trials. The Witch Trials were during a time in early American history when people were very superstitious and religious. During the Salem Witch Trials many people were accused for no reason. Some things they were convicted for were being an oldRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1355 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller during the 1950’s, and he proves his point through The Crucible, a play about the Salem Witch Trials. Miller attacks the red scare, which was a time of fear of communism growing in America, and proves the how similar the two events were, and how they are important. As a political allegory of the red scare, Miller’s relatively accurate comparison between the red scare and the Salem Witch Trials through The Crucible demonstrates the theme of subjective reality versus objective reality, theRead MoreMccarthyism In The Crucible1743 Words   |  7 PagesThe Crucible, written in 1953 as a all egory and metaphor for the McCarthy hearings on communism in America, the idea of conscience is greatly emphasized in many of the main characters. Arthur Miller wrote the play The Crucible in response to the red scare of the 1950’s, in which he was was condemned for disrespect disapproval of the United States Congress for being unsuccessful in naming numerous individuals who had attended meetings with him. In a bid to not only secure his career as a journalistRead MoreWilliam Miller s The Crucible1262 Words   |  6 Pages 1.Participate in the Salem Witch Trials. Write a paragraph response, as the accused, describing your feelings. Salem Witchcraft Hysteria. National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 2005. Web. 24 Sept. 2015. As the accused I feel hurt, betray and sorrowful. I have known these people all my life. We have grown up together and now they are believing a group of young girls saying that I am a witch. I don’t understand! I am a good Christian woman. I can not confess to witchcraft

New Article Reveals the Low Down on 5 Paragraph Essay Topics for Hamlet and Why You Must Take Action Today

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Wiffle Today Im going to share with you three secrets that will undoubtedly help you live a happy and successful life. Its true that the career of a wiffle ball pitcher is underpaid and rarely respected, but it takes skill to deliver strikeouts at the plate. Im going to explain and demonstrate the combined movements use to throw three distinct pitches: the curveball, slider, and riser. By the end of my brief speech, youll have gained all the knowledge necessary to shine as your neighborhoods wiffle ball pitcher. Before I describe the specific pitches, there are a few things to think about regarding the basic physics of a wiffle ball. The holes in this lightweight ball allow the pitcher several different options to guide the ball through the air. Each time you pitch, think about where the holes of the ball are positioned and make sure their placement matches the pitch you intend to deliver. Also when you release each pitch, step through with your leg, keep your eyes on the target, and follow through with your arm. With a little practice, youll master the fundamentals of wiffle ball pitching and be ready to develop your secret weapons-different pitches. Need essay sample on "Wiffle" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed First, the finger positioning is the most important part of throwing a perfect curveball. Align your fingers on the side of the ball so the holes are on the side of your dominant hand. If youre right handed, your fingers she be curled around the ball with the holes facing the right side. Lefties should make sure the holes are showing on the left side. Position your pointer and ring fingers into the letter V and push the ball tightly between them. It should feel somewhat stuck. With your fingers in the correct position, you can throw the ball at any angle for it to curve. The most dramatic curveball can be delivered by throwing sidearm. Its not necessary to throw as hard as you can to deliver a good pitch. In fact, slowing down the speed of your pitches can allow time for the ball to move in ways that are more difficult for the batter to see, time, and hit. Try out different speeds when practicing your pitches. For a slider pitch, follow the same rules of lining up the holes on the side of your dominant hand. This pitch will surprise a batter because sliders look like fastballs but then curve unexpectedly. Once youve got the holes showing on either the left or the right side, curl your thumb, index, and middle finger in the shape of the letter C. When you throw the ball, concentrate on making your index finger be the last finger that leaves the ball. Experiment with slightly flicking your wrist and as always, look at your target and follow through! The riser is another devastating weapon in the armory of a wiffle ball pitcher. Just as a riser pitch crosses the plate, the ball rises to confuse the batter. No matter which hand you use to pitch, position the holes in the wiffle ball down to get the most rise out of your pitch. Hold your fingers in the C position we practiced for the slider pitch and focus on flicking your wrist as you throw sidearm. Follow through is important to deliver every pitch to its greatest potential, but its especially essential when throwing a riser. After throwing this pitch, your knuckles should almost be touching the ground if youve followed through correctly. Experiment with different angles and strength in wrist flicks to perfect your riser ball. Now that youve mastered the curveball, slider, and riser, youre ready to move on to learn any of the other pitches available in this historic game. Maybe the Astronaut or the Ultimate Freeze will be the next pitches added to your repertoire. Wiffle ball isnt only a game for youngsters. Its a great way to meet friends, relax, and recreate. The game of wiffle ball has been a neighborhood favorite for decades, but few people realize there are regional and even professional leagues across the country. Knowing the proper way to hold and deliver a wiffle ball pitch can help you not only participate, but succeed, on the field. Practice your different pitches, find out which work best for you, and remember the fundamentals. The next time you hear the words, Batter up! youll be more than prepared! References: How to pitch a wiffle ball How to throw various wiffle ball pitches: http://www.ehow.com/how_2305028_throw-various-wiffle-ball-pitches.html How to throw wiffle ball pitches